Plant Mechanisms of Aluminum Avoidance or Tolerance

There are two types of mechanisms whereby a plant can avoid or tolerate aluminum toxicity: (a) exclusion of aluminum from the symplasm, or (b) internal tolerance of aluminum in the symplasm. Good reviews on this subject are in Taylor (186,187), Matsumoto (99), Kochian et al. (179, 188), and Barcelo and Poschenrieder (96).