Update image
Add image
General Biochemistry
- Bioenergetics
- Introduction to Bioenergetics
- Catabolic Metabolism: the Synthesis of Atp
- Glycolysis and Fermentation
- Oxidation of Pyruvate: the Citric Acid Cycle
- Oxidation of Fats and Oils, Major Metabolic Fuels
- Catabolism of Proteins and Amino Acids
- Summary
- Photosynthesis
- Light Reactions
- Co2 Reduction
- Atp Synthesis Atp Synthesis in ch
- Origin of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
- Illustrations of the Uses of Atp: Ion Transport, Biosynthesis, and Motility
- Ion Transport
- Biosynthetic Use of Atp
- Atp and Motility
- Concluding Statements
- Enzyme Mechanisms
- The Impetus
- Introduction to Enzymes as Catalysts
- Enzyme Kinetics
- Illustrative Examples
- α - Chymotrypsin
- Dihydrofolate Reductase
- Phosphate Transfer
- Triosephosphate Isomerase
- Aspartate Aminotransferase
- Cytochrome P450
- Origins of the Catalytic Efficiency of Enzymes
- Bibliography of Enzyme Mechanisms
- Food Colors
- About Food Colors
- Introduction to Food Colors
- Natural Food Pigments
- Heme Pigments
- Chlorophylls
- Carotenoids of Food Colors
- Flavonoid Pigments
- Betalains
- Miscellaneous Natural Food Colors
- Food Browning
- Enzymatic Browning
- Nonenzymatic Browning
- Color Additives in Foods
- Bibliography of Food Colors
- Glycoconjugates and Carbohydrates
- Introduction to Glycoconjugates and Carbohydrates
- Monosaccharides
- Derivatives—Natural and Laboratory
- Chemical Transformations
- Biosynthesis
- Oligosaccharides
- Polysaccharides
- Homopolysaccharides
- Heteropolysaccharides
- Glycoconjugates
- N-Linked Glycoproteins
- O-Linked Glycoconjugates
- Analytical Methods
- Bibliography of Glycoconjugates and Carbohydrates
- Ion Transport Across Biological Membranes
- Introduction to Ion Transport Across Biological Membranes
- Relationship Between Transmembrane Inorganic Ion Flux and Transmembrane Potential
- Mechanism of Transmembrane Inorganic Ion Flux
- Inorganic Ion Transport and the Perception of Light
- Inorganic Ion Transport and Integration of Environmental Information
- Inorganic Ion Transport and the Rapid Transmission of Electrical Signals Over Long Distances (Up to ~1 M)
- Properties of the Protein (Potassium Channel) That Allows K+ But Not Na+ to Cross the Membrane
- Inorganic Ion Transport Against A Concentration Gradient At Expense of Atp Hydrolysis
- Conclusion and Outlook
- Bibliography of Ion Transport Across Biological Membranes
- Lipoprotein Cholesterol Metabolism
- Lipid Absorption
- Plasma Lipoprotein Structure
- Chylomicron Metabolism
- VLDL Metabolism (Endogenous Triglyceride Metabolism)
- IDL and LDL Metabolism
- Apolipoproteins Mediate Lipoprotein Metabolism
- The LDL Receptor
- Familial Hypercholesterolemia
- How Do Sterols Regulate Gene Expression?
- Other Lipoprotein Receptors
- HDL and "Reverse Cholesterol Transport"
- Tangier Disease and Familial Hypoalphalipoproteinemia
- LP(A) and APO(A)
- Common Isoforms of Apolipoprotein E (Apoe)
- Apo-E and Alzheimer's Disease
- Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia and Hypertriglyceridemia
- Treatment of Lipoprotein Disorders
- Final Perspective
- Bibliography of Lipoprotein Cholesterol Metabolism
- Membrane Structure
- The Main Structure
- Introduction to Membrane Structure
- Membrane Lipids
- The Membrane-Water Interface
- Hydrophobic Core Region
- Phase Behavior of Lipids and Membrane Domain Formation
- Interaction of Membrane Lipids With Amphiphilic Molecules and Transmembrane Proteins
- Concluding Remarks
- Bibliography of Membrane Structure
- Nucleic Acid Synthesis
- Nucleic Acids
- Structure and Function of Nucleic Acids
- Basic Chemical Structure
- Base Pairing in Nucleic Acids: Double Helical Structure of Dna
- Size, Structure, Organization, and Complexity of Genomes
- Information Storage, Processing, and Transfer
- Chromosomal Dna Compaction and Its Implications in Replication and Transcription
- DNA Sequence and Chromosome Organization
- Repetitive Sequences: Selfish DNA
- Chromatin Remodeling and Histone Acetylation
- Nucleic Acid Syntheses
- Similarity of DNA and RNA Synthesis
- DNA Replication Vs Transcription: Enzymatic Processes
- Multiplicity of DNA and RNA Polymerases
- DNA Replication and Its Regulation
- DNA Replication
- Regulation of DNA Replication
- Regulation of Bacterial DNA Replication at the Level of Initiation
- DNA Chain Elongation and Termination in Prokaryotes
- General Features of Eukaryotic DNA Replication
- Licensing of Eukaryotic Genome Replication
- Fidelity of DNA Replication
- Replication of Telomeres—The End Game
- Telomere Shortening: Linkage Between Telomere Length and Limited Life Span
- Maintenance of Genome Integrity
- DNA Manipulations and their Applications
- Transcriptional Processes
- Recognition of Prokaryotic Promoters and Role of S-Factors
- Regulation of Transcription in Bacteria
- Eukaryotic Transcription
- RNA Splicing in Metazoans
- Regulation of Transcription in Eukaryotes
- Fidelity of Transcription (RNA Editing)
- Chemical Synthesis of Nucleic Acids (Oligonucleotides)
- Bibliography of Nucleic Acid Synthesis
- Protein Structure
- Introduction to Protein Structure
- Amino Acids
- Protein Structure Determination
- Structural Hierachy
- Secondary Structural Motifs
- Protein Stability
- Tertiary Structure
- Membrane Proteins
- Superfamilies and Structural Evolution
- Quaternary Structure
- Conclusions
- Bibliography of Protein Structure
- Protein Synthesis
- Introduction to Protein Synthesis
- Information Transfer and the Genetic Code
- Transfer RNAs
- Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases
- An Overview of Translation
- Translation Initiation
- Elongation
- Termination
- Ribosome Recycling
- Molecular Mimicry By Translational Factors
- Translational Accuracy
- The Ribosome
- Inhibitors of Protein Synthesis
- Post-Translational Modifications
- Mitochondrial Protein Synthesis
- Nonribosomal Peptide Synthesis
- Protein Synthesis and the RNA World
- Bibliography of Protein Synthesis
- Vitamins and Coenzymes
- Coenzymes
- The Discovery of Vitamins and Coenzymes
- Nutritional Recommendations
- Chemical Properties and Functions
- Coenzyme A, An Acyl Group Carrier and Activator
- Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (Nad+) and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (Fad), Hydrogen and Electron Carriers
- Cleaving C—C Bonds With the Help of Coenzymes
- Carriers of Single-Carbon Compounds, and Other Roles of Pterin Coenzymes
- Antioxidant Systems
- Vitamin A and Vision
- Vitamins A and D as Prohormones
- Vitamin K and Blood Clotting
- Recently Discovered Coenzymes and Prosthetic Groups
- Bibliography of Vitamins and Coenzymes
