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Molecular Biology of Plant Pathways
- Metabolic Organization in Plants
- Abstract & Keywords
- Introduction
- Plant Metabolic Networks and their Organization
- Tools for Analyzing Network Structure and Performance
- Constraints-Based Network Analysis
- Metabolic flux analysis
- Kinetic modeling
- Metabolic control analysis
- Integration of Plant Metabolism
- Relationship between enzyme properties and network fluxes
- Limitations on metabolic compensation within a network
- Impact of physiological conditions on network performance
- Network adjustments through alternative pathways
- Propagation of metabolic perturbations through networks
- Enzyme-specific responses within networks
- Impact of metabolic change on network structure
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Enzyme Engineering
- Abstract & Keywords
- Introduction
- Theoretical Considerations
- Enzyme architecture is conserved
- Genomic analysis suggests most enzymes evolve from preexisting enzymes
- Evolution of a new enzymatic activity in nature
- The natural evolution process initially produces poor enzymes
- Sequence space and fitness landscapes
- Practical Considerations for Engineering Enzymes
- Identifying appropriate starting enzyme(s)
- Ways of introducing variability into genes
- Choice of expression system
- Identifying improved variants
- Recombination and/or introduction of subsequent mutations
- Structure-based rational design
- Opportunities for Plant Improvement Through Engineered Enzymes and Proteins
- Challenges for engineering plant enzymes and pathways
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Genetic Engineering of Amino Acid Metabolism in Plants
- Abstract & Keywords
- Introduction
- Glutamine, Glutamate, Aspartate, and Asparagine are Central Regulators of Nitrogen Assimilation, Metabolism, and Transport
- GS: A highly regulated, multifunctional gene family
- Role of the ferredoxin- and NADH-dependent GOGAT isozymes in plant glutamate biosynthesis
- Glutamate dehydrogenase: An enzyme with controversial functions in plants
- The network of amide amino acids metabolism is regulated in concert by developmental, physiological, environmental, metabolic, and stress-derived signals
- The Aspartate Family Pathway that is Responsible for Synthesis of the Essential Amino Acids Lysine, Threonine, Methionine, and Isoleucine
- The aspartate family pathway is regulated by several feedback inhibition loops
- Metabolic fluxes of the aspartate family pathway are regulated by developmental, physiological, and environmental signals
- Metabolic interactions between AAAM and the aspartate family pathway
- Metabolism of the aspartate family amino acids in developing seeds: A balance between synthesis and catabolism
- Regulation of Methionine Biosynthesis
- Regulatory role of CGS in methionine biosynthesis
- Interrelationships between threonine and methionine biosynthesis
- Engineering Amino Acid Metabolism to Improve the Nutritional Quality of Plants for Nonruminants and Ruminants
- Future Prospects
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Engineering Photosynthetic Pathways
- Abstract & Keywords
- Introduction
- Identification of Limiting Steps in the PCR Cycle
- Analysis of limiting steps in photosynthesis
- Flux control analysis
- Engineering CO2-Fixation Enzymes
- RuBisCO
- C4-Ization of C3 Plants
- Engineering Post-RuBisCO Reactions
- RuBP regeneration
- Engineering carbon flow from chloroplasts to sink organs
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Cellulose Biosynthesis in Plants
- Abstract & Keywords
- Introduction
- The Many Forms of Cellulose
- Biochemistry of Cellulose Biosynthesis in Plants
- UDP-glucose is the immediate precursor for cellulose synthesis
- In vitro synthesis of cellulose from plant extracts
- Purification and characterization of cellulose synthase activity
- Molecular Biology of Cellulose Biosynthesis in Plants
- Identification of genes encoding cellulose synthases in plants
- Mutant analysis allowed identification of genes for cellulose synthases and other proteins required for cellulose biosynthesis
- The cellulose synthase genes
- The cellulose synthase protein
- Mechanism of Cellulose Synthesis
- Role of primer and/or intermediates during cellulose synthesis?
- Addition of glucose residues to the growing glucan chain end
- Prospects for Genetic Engineering of Cellulose Biosynthesis in Plants
- Manipulation of cellulose biosynthesis in plants
- Influence of cellulose alterations in plants
- Summary
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Metabolic Engineering of the Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Vegetable Oils
- Abstract & Keywords
- Introduction
- TAG Synthesis
- Precursors for fatty acid synthesis
- Fatty acid synthesis
- Phosphatidic acid assembly
- Glycerolipids and fatty acid modification
- TAG synthesis and oil deposition
- Control of TAG Composition
- Metabolic engineering of high oleic acid vegetable oils
- Metabolic engineering of high and low saturated fatty acid vegetable oils
- Metabolic engineering of high and low polyunsaturated vegetable oils
- Variant fatty acid desaturases for metabolic engineering of vegetable oil composition
- Metabolic engineering of vegetable oils with short and medium-chain fatty acids
- Metabolic engineering of vegetable oils with very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFAs)
- Metabolic engineering of nonplant pathways
- Summary
- Alteration of seed oil content
- Alteration of the fatty acid composition of vegetable oils
- Acknowledgements
- References
- Pathways for the Synthesis of Polyesters in Plants
- Abstract & Keywords
- Introduction
- Cutin and Suberin
- Functional and ultrastructural characteristics
- Composition of cutin and suberin
- Biosynthesis of cutin and suberin
- Future perspectives
- Polyhydroxyalkanoate
- PHA as a bacterial polyester
- Polyhydroxybutyrate
- Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)
- Medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanaote
- Future perspectives
- References
- Engineering Plant Alkaloid Biosynthetic Pathways
- Abstract & Keywords
- Introduction
- Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids
- Monoterpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis
- Cell-specific expression of monoterpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthetic genes
- Genetic engineering of monoterpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthetic pathways
- Tetrahydrobenzylisoquinoline Alkaloids
- Tetrahydrobenzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis
- Cell-specific expression of tetrahydrobenzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic genes
- Genetic engineering of tetrahydrobenzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic pathways
- Tropane Alkaloids
- Tropane alkaloid biosynthesis
- Cell-specific expression of tropane alkaloid biosynthetic genes
- Genetic engineering of tropane alkaloid biosynthetic pathways
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Engineering Formation of Medicinal Compounds in Cell Cultures
- Abstract & Keywords
- Introduction
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology of Secondary Metabolites
- Isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis
- Terpenoid indole alkaloid biosynthesis
- Tropane alkaloid and nicotine biosynthesis
- Cell Culture and Metabolite Production
- Establishment of high-metabolite-producing lines
- Organ differentiation and secondary plant products
- Genetic instability of productivity
- Beyond the Obstacles: Molecular Biological Approaches to Improve Productivity of Secondary Metabolites in Plant Cells
- Overcoming rate-limiting processes in the pathway
- Transcriptional regulation and overall activation
- Qualitative control of metabolites and the isolation of desired biosynthetic genes
- Accumulation and storage
- Future Perspectives
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Genetic Engineering for Salinity Stress Tolerance
- Abstract & Keywords
- Salinity Stress Engineering
- The Context of Salinity Stress
- Ion Homeostasis
- Ion transport
- Control of ion homeostasis
- Strategies to Improve Salt Tolerance by Modulating Ion Homeostasis
- Strategies to Improve Salt Tolerance by Modulating Metabolic Adjustments
- Osmotic adjustments and controlling factors
- Engineering stress response control determinants
- How to analyze transgenic lines resulting from (salinity) stress engineering
- Plant Signal Transduction for Adaptation to Salinity
- The SOS signal pathway controls adaptation to hypersalinity
- What do we know about stress sensors in plants?
- SOS independent pathways and protein kinase systems
- ABA is a Major Mediator of Plant Stress Response Signaling
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Metabolic Engineering of Plant Allyl/Propenyl Phenol and Lignin Pathways
- Abstract & Keywords
- Introduction
- The challenge for humanity: Renewable, sustainable sources of bioenergy/ biofuels, intermediate chemicals, and specialty chemical bioproducts
- Lignified biomass utilization: The lignin challenge
- Lignin Formation and Manipulation
- Biosynthesis of monolignols
- The challenge of lignin manipulation: Plant growth/development versus stem structural integrity
- New opportunities and approaches for renewable sources of bioenergy, biofuels, and bioproducts?
- Current Sources/Markets for Specialty Allyl/Propenyl Phenols
- Biosynthesis of Allyl and Propenyl Phenols and Related Phenylpropanoid Moieties
- Potential for Allyl/Propenyl Phenols?
- Summary
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Genetic Engineering of Seed Storage Proteins
- Abstract & Keywords
- Introduction
- The nature of seeds
- Metabolites stored in seeds and their uses
- Characterization of seed storage proteins
- Challenges and limitations for seed protein modification
- Storage Protein Modification for the Improvement of Seed Protein Quality
- Increasing methionine content
- Increasing lysine content
- Use of Seed Storage Proteins for Protein Quality Improvements in Nonseed Crops
- Modification of Grain Biophysical Properties
- Transgenic Modifications that Enhance the Utility of Seed Storage Proteins
- Managing allergenic proteins
- Managing seed antinutritional characteristics
- Summary and Future Prospects
- Acknowledgments
- References
