References
Selected References
Beck, G., and G. S. Habicht. 1996. Immunity and the invertebrates. Sci. Am. 275:60–66 (Nov.). Invertebrates lack lymphocytes, but they have cells like macrophages, such as coelomocytes, and they lack antibodybased humoral immunity. They have molecules similar to immunoglobulin, and several cytokines have been demonstrated, suggesting precursors for a vertebrate-type immune response.
Benjamini, E., G. Sunshine, and S. Leskowitz. 1996. Immunology. A short course, ed. 3. New York, Wiley-Liss, Inc. An excellent presentation of the essentials without excessive details.
Cox, F. E. G., and E. Y. Liew. 1992. T-cell subsets and cytokines in parasitic infections. Parasit. Today. 8:371–374. Describes the interactions of T cells and cytokines in the TH1 and TH2 arms of the immune response.
Dunn, P. E. 1990. Humoral immunity in insects. BioScience 40:738–744. There is evidence that cockroaches are capable of a vertebratelike, specific, adaptive humoral response.
Engelhard, V. H. 1994. How cells process antigens. Sci. Am. 271:54–61. This article focuses on the roles of the MHC proteins.
Garrett, L. 1995. The coming plague: newly emerging diseases in a world out of balance. New York, Penguin Books (orig. publ. 1994, Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, New York). As Rachel Carson did with the environment, Garrett sounds a clarion call on infectious diseases. New pathogens are emerging, and familiar ones are developing multidrug resistance at a time when transmission favors the microbes: poor sanitation and increasing crowding in the world’s cities and impairment of the immune response in millions of people by malnutrition and AIDS.
Glausiusz, J. 1999. The chasm in care. Discover 20:40,42. More than 30 million people have HIV, and nearly 90% live in developing countries of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. There are 16,000 people newly infected every day. In Zimbabwe, 25% of adult population has HIV.
Golde, D. W. 1991. The stem cell. Sci. Am. 265:86–93. Undifferentiated cells in bone marrow give rise to white and red blood cells, macrophages, and platelets.
Greene, W. C. 1993. AIDS and the immune system. Sci. Amer. 269:98–105 (Sept.). There is some evidence that HIV triggers widespread apoptosis (programmed cell death) in CD4+ cells.
Karp, R. D. 1990. Cell-mediated immunity in invertebrates. BioScience 40:732–737. Experiments show that allograft rejection in insects has at least a short-term memory component; challenge allografts were rejected more quickly than third-party allograft controls.
Lichtenstein, L. M. 1993. Allergy and the immune system. Sci. Am. 269:116–124 (Sept.). Describes what happens in an allergic response, including the role of mast cells, basophils, cytokines, and chemical mediators.
Mann, J. M., and D. J. M. Tarantola. 1998. HIV 1998: The global picture. Sci. Am. 279:82–83 (July). This is the first of a series of articles on HIV in this issue. The authors estimate that more than 40 million people have contracted HIV since early 1980s. Two-thirds of all HIV-infected people and 90% of all infected children are in sub- Saharan Africa.
Marrack, P., and J. W. Kappler. 1993. How the immune system recognizes the body. Sci. Am. 269:80–89 (Sept.). Part of the mechanism by which the immune system tolerates “self” antigens is by a mechanism known as clonal deletion.
Paul, W. E. 1993. Infectious diseases and the immune system. Sci. Am. 269:90–97 (Sept.). Describes the immune response in certain viral, microbial, and parasitic infections.
Steinman, L. 1993. Autoimmune disease. Sci. Am. 269:106–114 (Sept.). In five percent of adults in Europe and North America, the immune system discrimination between “self” and “nonself” breaks down, usually with very serious results.
Strange, C. 1995. Rethinking immunity. Bio- Science 45:663–668. Some immunologists believe that the self/nonself dogma of immunology is inadequate.
Weiss, R. 1994. Of myths and mischief. Discover 15(12):36–42. Debunks the astonishing myths that have grown up around AIDS, including the most pernicious of all, that HIV is not the cause.
Beck, G., and G. S. Habicht. 1996. Immunity and the invertebrates. Sci. Am. 275:60–66 (Nov.). Invertebrates lack lymphocytes, but they have cells like macrophages, such as coelomocytes, and they lack antibodybased humoral immunity. They have molecules similar to immunoglobulin, and several cytokines have been demonstrated, suggesting precursors for a vertebrate-type immune response.
Benjamini, E., G. Sunshine, and S. Leskowitz. 1996. Immunology. A short course, ed. 3. New York, Wiley-Liss, Inc. An excellent presentation of the essentials without excessive details.
Cox, F. E. G., and E. Y. Liew. 1992. T-cell subsets and cytokines in parasitic infections. Parasit. Today. 8:371–374. Describes the interactions of T cells and cytokines in the TH1 and TH2 arms of the immune response.
Dunn, P. E. 1990. Humoral immunity in insects. BioScience 40:738–744. There is evidence that cockroaches are capable of a vertebratelike, specific, adaptive humoral response.
Engelhard, V. H. 1994. How cells process antigens. Sci. Am. 271:54–61. This article focuses on the roles of the MHC proteins.
Garrett, L. 1995. The coming plague: newly emerging diseases in a world out of balance. New York, Penguin Books (orig. publ. 1994, Farrar, Straus, & Giroux, New York). As Rachel Carson did with the environment, Garrett sounds a clarion call on infectious diseases. New pathogens are emerging, and familiar ones are developing multidrug resistance at a time when transmission favors the microbes: poor sanitation and increasing crowding in the world’s cities and impairment of the immune response in millions of people by malnutrition and AIDS.
Glausiusz, J. 1999. The chasm in care. Discover 20:40,42. More than 30 million people have HIV, and nearly 90% live in developing countries of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. There are 16,000 people newly infected every day. In Zimbabwe, 25% of adult population has HIV.
Golde, D. W. 1991. The stem cell. Sci. Am. 265:86–93. Undifferentiated cells in bone marrow give rise to white and red blood cells, macrophages, and platelets.
Greene, W. C. 1993. AIDS and the immune system. Sci. Amer. 269:98–105 (Sept.). There is some evidence that HIV triggers widespread apoptosis (programmed cell death) in CD4+ cells.
Karp, R. D. 1990. Cell-mediated immunity in invertebrates. BioScience 40:732–737. Experiments show that allograft rejection in insects has at least a short-term memory component; challenge allografts were rejected more quickly than third-party allograft controls.
Lichtenstein, L. M. 1993. Allergy and the immune system. Sci. Am. 269:116–124 (Sept.). Describes what happens in an allergic response, including the role of mast cells, basophils, cytokines, and chemical mediators.
Mann, J. M., and D. J. M. Tarantola. 1998. HIV 1998: The global picture. Sci. Am. 279:82–83 (July). This is the first of a series of articles on HIV in this issue. The authors estimate that more than 40 million people have contracted HIV since early 1980s. Two-thirds of all HIV-infected people and 90% of all infected children are in sub- Saharan Africa.
Marrack, P., and J. W. Kappler. 1993. How the immune system recognizes the body. Sci. Am. 269:80–89 (Sept.). Part of the mechanism by which the immune system tolerates “self” antigens is by a mechanism known as clonal deletion.
Paul, W. E. 1993. Infectious diseases and the immune system. Sci. Am. 269:90–97 (Sept.). Describes the immune response in certain viral, microbial, and parasitic infections.
Steinman, L. 1993. Autoimmune disease. Sci. Am. 269:106–114 (Sept.). In five percent of adults in Europe and North America, the immune system discrimination between “self” and “nonself” breaks down, usually with very serious results.
Strange, C. 1995. Rethinking immunity. Bio- Science 45:663–668. Some immunologists believe that the self/nonself dogma of immunology is inadequate.
Weiss, R. 1994. Of myths and mischief. Discover 15(12):36–42. Debunks the astonishing myths that have grown up around AIDS, including the most pernicious of all, that HIV is not the cause.
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