Atomic spectroscopy

Atomic spectroscopy is a quantitative technique used for the determination of metals in samples. Atomic spectroscopy is characterized by two main techniques: atomic absorption spectroscopy and atomic emission spectroscopy. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is normally carried out with a flame (FAAS), although other devices can be used. Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is typified by the use of a flame photometer or an inductively coupled plasma. The flame photometer is normally used for elements in groups I and II of the Periodic Table only, i.e. alkali and alkali earth metals.

In both AAS and AES the substance to be analysed must be in solution. In order to do quantitative analysis, i.e. determine how much of the metal is present, the preparation of analytical standard solutions is necessary. While the concentration range over which the technique can be used may be different, for various instruments, the principles associated with the preparation of analytical standard solutions are the same (Boxes 27.1-27.5).